Sie halten nun die 3. Auflage meines Arbeitsbuches „Der schnelle Weg zum Funksprechzeugnis“ in den Händen. Wie bei den meisten Lehrbüchern handelt es sich um „Kochbücher“, die dieses und jenes Rezept gut finden.
Das vorliegende Lehrbuch ist im Jahr 2002 auf Anregung der Studenten der FH Osnabrück entstanden. Dabei habe ich mich im Aufbau besonders an die Erfordernisse der Prüfung gehalten, jedoch auch einige Themen umfangreicher dargestellt.
Ich danke meiner Frau und allen Freunden, die mich bei dieser Arbeit tatkräftig unterstützt haben.
Auszüge aus FS-Veröffentlichungen und den Karten aus der AIP und AIP VFR mit freundlicher Genehmigung der DFS Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH.
Für die Überlassung von Bildern, Darstellungen und Texten bedanke ich mich bei den Firmen Bendix/King und Jeppesen.
Nachdruck und Vervielfältigung nur mit Genehmigung des Verfassers
eMail: u.kriens@web.de
Aeronautical station A station in the aeronautical mobile service located on land or, in certain instances, on board of a ship or on a platform at sea
Air-ground communication Two-way communication between aircraft and stations or locations on the surface of the earth
Automatic Terminal Information Service The provision of current routine information to arriving and departing aircraft by means of continuous and repetitive broadcast throughout the day or a specific portion of the day
Blind transmission A transmission from one station to another station in circumstances where two-way communication cannot be established but where it is believed that the called station is able to receive the transmission
Broadcast A transmission of information relating to air navigation that is not addressed to a specific station or stations
Broken In meteorological report cloud coverage of 5 to 7 octas will be classified as broken
Clearance limit A point to which an aircraft is granted an air traffic control clearance
Estimated time of arrival The time at which it is estimated that the aircraft will arrive over that designated point defined by reference to navigation aids, from which it is intended, that an instrument approach will be commenced
Expected approach time The time at which ATC expects that an arriving aircraft, following a delay, will leave the holding point to complete its approach for a landing
Flight level A level in the atmosphere for vertical separation which is determined by setting the altimeter to 1013,2 hPa
Overcast When the term "overcast" is used in radio telephony in connection with meteorological conditions clouds are covering 100% of the sky.
Scattered When the term "scattered" is used in radio telephony in connection with meteorological conditions clouds covering half or less then half of the sky
Transition Level The transition level is the lowest usable flight level. At this level the altimeter will be changed from 1013,2 hPa to QNH during descend below the flight level system. It is determined on the basis of transition altitude and QNH and should be at least 1000 ft above the transition altitude. For example: Transition altitude is 5000ft. At an QNH of 1014 or higher the transition level is FL60, QNH is between 1013 and 978 transition level is FL70 and QNH below 977 the transition level will be FL80 The transition level is determined on the basis of transition altitude and QNH
Transition layer The transition layer is the layer between the transition altitude and transition level. The extension of this layer must be at least 1000 ft.
Visual approach An approach by an IFR flight when either part or all of an instrument approach procedure is not completed and the approach is executed in visual reference to terrain
way point A specified geographical position used to define an area navigation route or the flight path of an aircraft employing area navigation
(You must know those abbreviations shown in bold letters because they are part of the question catalogue.)
A/ A Air-to air
AAL Above aerodrome level
ABM Abeam
AC Altocumulus
ACA Advisory Center for Aviation
ACC Aera control centre or area control
ACFT Aircraft
ACL Altimeter check location
ACPT Accept or accepted
ACT Active or activated or activity
AD Aerodrome
ADA Advisory area
ADDN Addition or additional
ADF Automatic direction-finding equipment
ADR Advisory route
ADS Automatic Dependent Surveillance
AF Air Force
AFIL Flight plan filed in the air
AFIS Aerodrome flight information service
AFS Aeronautical fixed service
AFTN Aeronautical fixed telecommunication network
AFWA Automatic flight weather advisory
A/G Air-to-ground
AGL Above ground level
AGN Again
AIC Aeronautical information circular
AIP Aeronautical Information Publication
AIRAC Aeronautical information regulation and control
AIREP Air-report
AIRMET Information concerning enroute weather phenomena which may affect the safety of low-level operations
AIS Aeronautical Information Service
ALA Alighting area (Landebereich)
ALERFA Alert phase
ALR Alerting message
ALS Approach lighting system
ALT Altitude
ALTN Alternate aerodrome
AMD Amend or amended
AMDT Amendment
AMS Aeronautical mobile service
AMSL Above mean sea level
ANM AFTM Notification Message
AOC Aerodrome obstacle chart
APAPI Abbreviated Precision Approach Path Indicator
APCH Approach
APP Approach control office or approach control
APR April
APRX Approximate or approximately
ARFOR Area forecast (in aeronautical meteorological code)
ARMET Forecast upper wind and temperature at specified points (in aeronautical meteorological code)
ARP Aerodrome reference point
ARR Arrive or arrival
ARR Arrival message
ARS Special air-report (message type designator)
AS Altostratus
ASC Ascent to or ascending to
ASDA Accelerate stop distance available
A-SMR Advanced Surface Movement Radar
ASPH Asphalt
ASR Airport surveillance radar
ATA Actual time of arrival
ATC Air traffic control
ATD Actual time of departure
ATFM Air Traffic Flow Management
ATIS Automatic Terminal Information Service
ATMC Airspace and traffic management centre
ATS Air traffic service
ATTN Attention
ATZ Aerodrome traffic zone
AUG August
AUW All up weight
AVBL Available
AVGAS Aviation gasoline
AWY Airway
AZ Azimuth station
AZM Azimuth
B Blue
BA Braking action
BASE Cloud base
BCFG Fog patches
BCN Beacon (aeronautical ground light)
BCST Broadcast
BDRY Boundary
BECMG Becoming
BKN Broken
BLDG Building
BLO Below clouds
BLSN Blowing snow
BLW Below …
BR Mist
BRG Bearing
BRKG Braking
BS Commercial broadcasting station
BTL Between layers
BTN Between
C Centre (Runway identification)
C Degrees Celsius (Centigrade)
CAT Category
CAT Clear air turbulance
CAVOK Visibility, cloud and present weather better than prescribed values or conditions (in Europe: visibility more than 10 km, no clouds below 5000 ft, no precipitation, no cb, no drifting snow, no sandstorm
CB Cumulonimbus
CC Cirrocumulus
CD Candela
CEST Central European Summertime
CET Central European Time
CEU-W Central Executive Unit West
CFM Confirm or I confirm
CH Channel
CHG Modification message
CI Cirrus
CIV Civil
CLR Clear or cleared to or clearance
CLSD Closed
Cm Centimetre(s)
CMPL Completion or completed or complete
CNL Cancel or cancelled
CNL Flight plan cancellation message
COM Communications
CON CONSOL
CONC Concrete
COND Condition
CONST Construction or constructed
CONT Continue or continued
COORD Corrdinates
COP Change-over point
COR Correct or corrected or correction
COV Cover or covered or covering
CPL Current flight plan message
CRAM Conditional routes available message
CS Call sign
CS Cirrostratus
CTA Control area
CTL Control
CTN Caution
CTR Control zone
CU Cumulus
CUST Customs
CVFR Controlled VFR flight
CW Continuous wave
CWY Clearway
“d” Thickness of flexible pavement (replaced by PCN)
D… Danger area (followed by identification)
DA Decision altitude
DEC December
DEG Degrees
DEP Depart or departure
DEP Departure message
DER Departure end of runway
DES Descend to or descending to
DEST Destination
DETRESFA Distress phase
DF Direction Finder
DH Decision height
DIST Distance
DLA Delay message
DLA Delay or delayed
DME Distance measuring equipment
DNG Danger or dangerous
DOF Date of flight
DP Dew point temperature
DR Dead reckoning
DRG During
DRSN Drifting snwo
DTAM Descend to and maintain
DTG Date-time group
DTRT Deteriorate or deteriorating
DTW Dual tandem wheels
DUR Duration
DVOR Doppler VOR
DVORTAC Doppler VOR and TACAN
DW Dual wheels
DWD Deutscher Wetterdienst
DZ Drizzle
E East or eastern longitude
EAT Expected approach time
EEE Error
EET Estimated elapse time
EFAS Electronic flash approach light system
EHF Extremely high frequency (30000 to 300000 MHz
EL Elevation station
ELEV Elevation
ELT Emergency locator transmitter
EM Emission
EMBD Embedded
EMERG Emergency
En English
ENE East-northeast
ENR En-route (AIP Publication)
ENRT En-route
EOBT Estimated off-block time
EQPT Equipment
Es Spanish
ESE East-southeast
EST Estimate or estimated
ETA Estimated time of arrival or estimating arrival
ETD Estimated time of departure or estimating departure
ETO Estimated time over significant point
EUR European Region
Ev Every
EXC Except
EXER Exercise(s) or exercising or to exercise
EXP Expect or expected or expecting
EXTD Extend or extending
FAC Facilities
FAF French Air Force
FAF Final Approach Fix
FAL Facilitation of international air transport
FAP Final approach point
FATO Final approach and take-off area
FAWP Final approach waypoint
FBL Light (used to qualify icing, turbulence, interference or static reports)
FC Funnel cloud
FCST Forecast
FEB February
FG Fog
FIC Flight information centre
FIR Flight information region
FIS Flight information service
FL Flight level
FLG Flashing
FLT Flight
FLTCK Flight check
FLW Follow(s) or following
FLY Fly or flying
FM From
FNA Final approach
FLP Filed flight plan message
FPM Feet per minute
Fr French
FREQ Frequency
Fri Friday
FRNG Firing
FSL Full stop landing
FSS Flight service station
Ft Feet (dimensional unit)
FU Smoke
FZ Feezing
FZDZ Freezing drizzle
FZFG Freezing fog
FZRA Freezing rain
G Green
G/A Ground-to-air
G/A/G Ground-to-air and air-to-ground
GAF German Air Force
GCA Ground controlled approach system or ground controlled approach
GAFOR General Aviation forecast
GAMET Area forecast for low-level flights
GAT General Aviation Terminal
Ge German
GEN General
GEO Geographic or true
GLD Glider
GND Ground
GNDCK Ground check
GP Glide path
GPS Global Positioning System
GR Hail or soft hail
GRIB Processed meteorological data in the form of grid point values expressed in binary form (aeronautical meteorological code)
GS Ground speed
H24 Continuous day and night service
HBN Hazard beacon
HDF High frequency direction finding station
HDG Heading
HEL Helicopter
HF High frequency (3000 to 30000 kHz)
HGT Height or height above
HJ Sunrise to sunset
HLDG Holding
HN Sunset to sunrise
HOL Holiday
HPa Hectopascal
HR Hours
HS Service available during hours of schedule operation
HVY Heavy (used to qualify weather phenomena such as rain, e.g. heavy hail = HVYGR)
HX Not permanently active, no specific working hours
Hz Hertz (cycle per second)
IAC Instrument approach chart
IAF Initial approach fix
IAL Instrument approach and landing chart
IAS Indicated air speed
IAWP Intitial approach waypoint
IBN Identification beacon
IC Ice crystals (very small ice crystals in suspension, also known as diamond dust)
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation
ICE Icing
ID Identifier or identification or identify
Ident Identification
IF Intermediate approach fix
IFF Identification friend/foe
IFPS Integrated Initial Flight Plan Processing System
IFPZ Integrated Initial Flight Plan Processing Zone
IFR Instrument flight rules
IGA International general aviation
ILS Instrument landing system
IM Inner marker
IMC Instrument meteorological condition
IMPR Improve or improved
IMT Immediate or immediately
INA Initial approach
INBD Inbound
INCERFA Uncertainty phase
INFOBRIEF Information
INOP Inoperative
INS Inch(es) (dimensional unit)
INT Intersection
INTL International
INTST Intensity
IR Ice on runway
IWP Intermediate approach waypoint
JAN January
JUL July
JUN June
Kg Kilogramme(s)
KHz Kilohertz
Km Kilometre(s)
KmH Kilometre(s) per hour
kt Knot(s)
kW Kilowatts
L Left (runway identification)
L Locator (see LM, OM)
l Litre(s)
LAT Latitude
lb Pound(s) (weight)
LBA Federal Office of Civil Aviation in Germany
LDA Landing distance available
LDG Landing
LDI Landing direction indicator
LEFT left (direction of turn)
LF Low frequency (30 to 300 kHz)
LGT Light or lighting
LGTD Lighted
LIH Light intensity high
LIL Light intensity low
LLZ Localizer
LM Locator , middle
LMT Local mean time
LNG Long (used to indicate the type of approach desired or required)
LO Locator , outer
LOC Locally or location or located
LONG Longitude
LRG Long range
LT Left turn
LTD Limited
LTT Landline teletypewriter
LYR Layer or layered
m Metre(s)
Mag Magnetic
MAHP Missed Approach Holding Point
MAHWP Missed Approach Holding Waypoint
MAINT Maintenance
MAP Aeronautical maps and charts
MAPT Missed approach point
MAR March
MATWP Missed Approach Turning Waypoint
MAWP Missed approach waypoint
MAX Maximum
MAY May
MBST Microburst
MDA Minimum descent altitude
MDH Minimum descent height
MEA Minimum en-route altitude
MEHT Minimum eye-height over threshold
MESZ Central European Summertime
MET Meteorological or meteorlogy
METAR Aviation routine weather report (in aeronautical meteorological code)
MEZ Central European Time
MF Medium frequency (300 to 3000 kHz)
MHz Megahertz
MIFG Shallow fog
Mil Military
MIN Minute(s)
MKR Marker radio beacon
MLS Microwave landing system
MM Middle marker
MNM Minimum
MNPS Minimum navigation perfomance specifications
MNT Maintain
MOC Minimum obstacle clearance (required)
MOD Moderate (used to qualify icing, turbulence, interference or static reports)
Mon Monday
MOTNE Meteorological Operational Telecommunications Network Europe
Mpa Megapascal
MPH Statue mile(s) per hour
mps Metre(s) per second
MPW Maximum permissible weight
MRA Minimum reception altitude
MRG Medium range (SAR aircraft)
MRP ATS /MET reporting point
MRVA Minimum radar vectoring altitude
MS Minus
MSA Minimum safe altitude
MSA Minimum sector altitude
MSG Message
MSL Mean sea level
MT Mountain
MTOM Maximum take-off mass
MTOW Maximum take-off weight
MTW Mountain wave
MWO Meteorological watch office
MX Mixed type of ice formation (white and clear)
N North or northern latitude
NAV Navigation
NC No change
NE Northeast
NfL Nachricht(en) für Luftfahrer
NGT Night
NLFS Night Low Flying System
NM Nautical mile(s)
NMC National Meteorological Forecast Centre
NML Normal
NNE Nort-northeast
NNW North-northwest
NOF International NOTAM office
NOSIG No significant change (used in trend-type landing forecast)
NOTAM A notice containing information concerning the establishment, condition or change on any aeronautical facility, service, procedure or hazard, the timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with flight operations
NOV November
Nr./No. Number
NS Nimbostratus
NW Northwest
NXT Next
OAT Operational air traffic
OBS Observe or observed or observation
OBS Omni bearing selector
OBSC Obscure or obscured or obscuring
OBST Obstacle
OCA Obstacle clearance altitude
OCH Obstacle clearance height
OCNL Occasional or occasionally
OCS Obstacle clearance surface
OCT October
OFZ Obstacle free zone
OM Outer marker
OPA Opaque, with type of ice formation
OPMET Operational meteorological (information)
OPN Open or opening or opened
OPR Operator or operate or operative or operating or operational
OPS Operations
O/R On request
ORCAM Originating Region Code Assignment Method
OTP On top
P… Prohibited area (followed by identification)
PANS Procedures for air navigation services
PAPI Precision Approach Path Indicator
PAR Precision Approach Radar system
PCN Pavement classification number
PDG Procedure design gradient
PERM Permanent
PJE Parachute jumping exercise
PL Ice pellets
PLA Practice low approach
PLN Flight plan
PN Prior notice required
PO Dust/sand whirls (dust devils)
POB Persons on board
PPI Plan position indicator
PPR Prior permission required
PRFG Aerodrome partially covered by fog
PRKG Parking
PROB Probability
PROC Procedure
PROV Provisional
PS Plus
PSN Position
PSP Pierced steel plank
PTN Procedure turn
PWR Power
QDM Magnetic heading (zero wind)
QDR Magnetic bearing
QFE Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation (or at runway threshold)
QFU Magnetic orientation of runway
QNH Atmospheric pressure reduced to MSL by ICAO Standard Atmosphere and altimeter sub-scale setting to obtain aerodrome elevation when on the ground
QTE True bearing from the station