Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (* 28. August 1749 in Frankfurt am Main als Johann Wolfgang Goethe; † 22. März 1832 in Weimar, geadelt 1782) gilt als einer der bedeutendsten Repräsentanten deutschsprachiger Dichtung.

Goethe stammte aus einer angesehenen bürgerlichen Familie; sein Großvater mütterlicherseits war als Stadtschultheiß höchster Justizbeamter der Stadt Frankfurt, sein Vater Doktor der Rechte und kaiserlicher Rat. Er und seine Schwester Cornelia erfuhren eine aufwendige Ausbildung durch Hauslehrer. Dem Wunsch seines Vaters folgend studierte Goethe in Straßburg und Leipzig Rechtswissenschaft und war danach als Advokat in Wetzlar und Frankfurt tätig. Gleichzeitig folgte er seiner Neigung zur Dichtkunst, mit dem Drama «Götz von Berlichingen» erzielte er einen frühen Erfolg und Anerkennung in der literarischen Welt.

Als Sechsundzwanzigjähriger wurde er an den Hof von Weimar eingeladen, wo er sich schließlich für den Rest seines Lebens niederließ. Er bekleidete dort als Freund und Minister des Herzogs Carl August politische und administrative Ämter und leitete ein Vierteljahrhundert das Hoftheater. Die amtliche Tätigkeit mit der Vernachlässigung seiner schöpferischen Fähigkeiten löste nach dem ersten Weimarer Jahrzehnt eine persönliche Krise aus, der sich Goethe durch die Flucht nach Italien entzog. Die zweijährige Italienreise empfand er wie eine «Wiedergeburt». Ihr verdankte er die Vollendung wichtiger Werke («Tasso», «Iphigenie», «Egmont»).

Nach seiner Rückkehr wurden seine Amtspflichten weitgehend auf repräsentative Aufgaben beschränkt. Der in Italien erlebte Reichtum an kulturellem Erbe stimulierte seine dichterische Produktion und die erotischen Erlebnisse mit einer jungen Römerin ließen ihn unmittelbar nach seiner Rückkehr eine dauerhafte, «unstandesgemäße» Liebesbeziehung zu Christiane Vulpius aufnehmen, die er erst achtzehn Jahre später mit einer Eheschließung amtlich legalisierte.

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