Kitabı oxu: «THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORLD ECONOMIC ZONE»

1. The emergence and development of the world free economic zone

The world free economic zone is flourishing with the expansion of commerce and the development of national trade, and is the inevitable product of capitalist economic development and internationalization of economic life.

Free economic zone is a four hundred years of history in human history, reviewing the emergence and development of the free economic zone of the long historical process, obviously showing three major periods of development:

The first period, from the mid-16th century to the mid-19th century, was the early stage of the formation and development of the free economic zone.

15th century ago, despite international trade, its size and scope were extremely limited. In Europe, from the end of the15th century to the beginning of the16th century, the development of capitalist artisanal workshops, geographical discoveries, promoted the development of international trade, especially the first scientific and technological revolution, the establishment of the capitalist machinery industry, and "big industry is totally dependent on the world market, international exchange and international division of labor". Thus, the international exchange of capitalist commodity production and commodities has obtained unprecedented development, and international trade has reached a global scale, which provides a material basis for the formation of the world free economic zone. At this time, some European countries in order to expand foreign trade, has opened up a number of coastal ports free port. In1547, Italy established leghorh Freeport in the northwestern Gulf of Genoa, the first officially named free port in the world. By the 17th and18th centuries, with the vigorous development of capitalism and the expansion of international trade, some port cities along the Mediterranean and Baltic coasts had declared themsary free ports, or designated them as free trade zones in the vicinity of the ports, taking advantage of their advantageous geographical location and convenience to take measures to exempt them from import duties, attract foreign goods, expand trade and re-export trade, promote local economic

development and play the role of commodity distribution centers.

The second period, from the end of the19th century to the beginning of the20th century, was the period of expansion and extension of the free economic zone around the world.

With the development of capitalist economy, especially the development of navigation industry, the rapid expansion of international trade, especially the transition of free capitalism to monopoly capitalism, western colonialists in the division of the world, the greed of the plundering colonies, the great powers everywhere plundered raw materials and commodity sales market, many important ports occupied by Western colonialism, has been listed as free port and free trade zone, such as Singapore, Hong Kong, Macao, Aden, Djibouti and so on. In this way, free ports and free trade zones gradually expanded from the Mediterranean coast to all parts of the world, especially after the First World War, the development of faster, including Poland's Danze Freeport, Germany's Kiel Free Trade Area, Greece's Thessaloniki Free Trade Area and so on. From the Eastern Passage of the Mediterranean Sea through the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean, to Africa and Asia, from Gibraltar's western Atlantic to Latin America and the Caribbean, the Free Economic Zone has spread across all continents except Oceania since the United States passed the Act establishing the Foreign Trade Area in 1934 and the first Foreign Trade Area in 1936.In general, however, before the Second World War, the world's free economic zones were limited in number and size, when there were a total of 75free economic zones in 26countries and territories around the world. Its main functional industries are limited to active foreign trade and re-export trade.

The third period of development, after the mid-1970s, was a period when the free economic zone developed deeply and many new features emerged in form and function. After the Second World War, with the rapid development of world economy and international relations, the world free economic zone has also appeared an unprecedented period of great development. During this period, there were three more phases: in the 1950s, the nationalization of production by capitalist countries intensified, and international competition between them intensified, and the rapid development of the technological revolution accelerated their desire to expand into new markets and find new ways out. As a result, many developed capitalist countries have opened up some commodity trade-oriented free ports and free trade zones. At the same time, free trade zones have also begun to emerge in some developing countries, such as the Colon Free Trade Area in Panama, the Arica Free Zone in Chile, the Freeport in the Bahamas and the Freeport in Bermuda.

In the 1960s, this free trade area developed significantly in developing countries, including the Candela Export Processing Zone in India in1965, the Manaus Free Trade Area in Brazil in 1967, the four re-export trading zones of Dares Salaam, Kigoma, Mtwara and Tangerin Tanzania, and the Badan Export Processing Zone in the Philippines and the Mariveles Free Trade Area in1969.At the same time, industrial export and processing zones have begun to emerge in some developing countries, characterized by the availability of abundant and cheap local labor, the provision of preferential conditions, the absorption of foreign capital and technology, cooperation with foreign investors in the development of export industries and the availability of more complete industrial facilities, which is a more developed type of free economic zone. In terms of tax relief and the delimitation of isolated areas, export processing zones and free trade zones are the same.

From around 1970 to the early 1980s, export processing zones developed like never before, with the increasing dependence of developing countries on foreign trade and the existence of large amounts of excess capital in developed capitalist countries, according to statistics, by1976,62 of the seven countries and regions in South-East Asia alone had been built, accounting for almost half of Asia. At the same time, with the development of new technological innovation and the change of the structure of the world economy, developing countries have emerged a scientific industrial park mainly using foreign cutting-edge scientific and technological equipment and high-tech talents to develop technology and knowledge-intensive products, which marks a new stage of development in the world free economic zone.

At present, there are many free economic zones in the world, and there are different accounts. By the end of 1990, there were nearly 700 countries and regions except Oceania, including more than 200 developed countries, more than 400 developing countries and more than 60 socialist countries, according to the statistics. The United States has the largest number of developed capitalist countries, with more than 130.

At present, all types of free economic zones in the world are still moving in depth, and even the Soviet Union and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea are preparing to build free economic zones. It is expected that the World Free Economic Zone will have a significant development in2000. It is not only reflected in the increase in quantity, but also mainly in the function of the free economic zone, in the future not only trade and re-export trade zone, export processing zone to develop, industrial and trade integration, scientific research and production integration of the free trade zone should also have a big development, but also to develop with tourism, restaurants, services and other undertakings combined with the integrated free economic zone, but also various types of free economic zone functions and economic technology structure is also infiltrating each other, and constantly to a high level of development.